Religious fundamentalism and terrorism

Religious fundamentalism and terrorism are products of globalization. Discuss. † Following evidence of a revitalization in religious faith throughout the world, and a series of terrorist incidents purportedly motivated by religious fundamentalism, various commentators have argued globalization has ushered in new forms of radical religious belief and expression and a unique form of contemporary terrorism.This essay contends that while various forms of religious belief and terrorism have been present in all human societies where congregation of groups has occurred, religious individualism and the current examples of terrorism are distinctly modern phenomena intimately bound to the processes and consequences of globalization. This essay will examine firstly how globalization has acted as a catalyst for the growth in religious fundamentalism and a resultant rise in religiously Justified violence, and secondly how the unequal experiences of globalization has led to a rise in terrori st activity.Specifically, the notion of a perceived necessity for a reassertion of religiosity as a response to globalization will be examined, particularly as a result of; the nonviolence and clash of beliefs and ideas; forces of secularism; the consequences of modernity and the anxieties associated with social disruption; and the issue of increased power convergence and a resultant increase in general powerlessness will be investigated.Expressions of religion, and political violence have been ever-present in society, and are generally reflective of that particular period of human relations; religious fundamentalism and contemporary terrorism thus, are the extreme expressions of the globalizes world. The notion of globalization is somewhat undefined, it is not altogether new, but is coming increasingly synonymous with the twentieth century. Simply put, globalization is an ongoing trend whereby the world has – in many respects and at a generally accelerating rate – bec ome one relatively borderless social sphere. Specifically the last twenty to thirty years have seen an exponential increase in the speed of globalization and its affects. 3 McGraw defines globalization as â€Å"a historical process involving a fundamental shift or transformation in the spatial scale of human social organization that links distant communities and expands the reach of power elation across regions and continents. â€Å"4 Globalization is then, the trend towards an increasingly interconnected society, with a convergence of cultures, spread of information and ideas.From the technological boom that created commercial air travel, telecommunications and the internet, societies and cultures are more linked and influenced by one another. Jan Intervene Pitters argues that increasing cross- cultural communication, mobility, migration, trade, investment, and tourism all generate awareness of cultural difference, leading to ambiguity and complexity in the orientation of self-id entity. 5 It is this uncertainty that has led commentators to assert that religious fundamentalism and contemporary terrorism are products of globalization.Religious fundamentalism can be broadly defined as a particular form of religious expression. Fundamentalists claim to be the upholders of orthodoxy that is the ‘right' creeds, values and beliefs; they also claim to uphold orthographies that is the ‘right' codes of conduct and behaviors. 6 In terms of the religious community, fundamentalism is distinct from conservatism and traditional belief, and lies to the extreme of religious expression. According to Earthen, â€Å"it is a religious way of being, that manifest itself in a strategy by which beleaguered believers attempt to preserve their distinctive identity as a people or group in the face of modernity and colonization. â€Å"8 Here Earthen contends that in the ever-changing globalizes world, in the face of ambivalence and ambiguity, individuals and groups turn to religion in order to provide a sense of certainty and social identity.For religious fundamentalists, religion itself provides a ready-made package of solutions, they assert their own understanding of these as the key to clarifying humanity mission in life; as the way to explain why things are going wrong in the world; and as a way to empower those who feel powerless and buffeted by the world. It is contended that it is the results of globalization that have pushed many to religious fundamentalism.Terrorism has been present as long as people have congregated in societies, although the term terrorism is considered to most likely have originated around the French Revolution of the 18th century in reference to the reign of terror. Al A universal conceptual definition of terrorism, Lutz and Lutz argue, has never been established and agreed upon, they point to the lack of a common classification in the international sphere as evidence of this. 2 However for the purposes of progress, Be rgsten contends that terrorism can be defined as, â€Å"the premeditated use of violence by a non-state group to obtain a political, religious, or social objective through fear or intimidation directed at a large audience. â€Å"13 Simply, terrorism involves three main factors; first the use or threat of use of violence, secondly it is mimed at achieving a political objective, and third it requires an audience larger than the immediate victims of the violence itself.Significantly, terrorism is a microcosm of the broader society from which it is drawn;14 thus it will constantly mutate and be always unique to a particular time period, however, the present debate surrounds the contention that in the contemporary era, it is globalization that has motivated and shaped the form terrorism has taken.Globalization and the convergence and clash of ideas, information and beliefs intrinsic to it has presented a challenge of plural and parallel claims too single god r belief system, it is argu ed that this process of globalization has pushed many to fundamentalist forms of religious expression, to reassert the ‘correctness'1 5 of their religion. As Featheriness notes, â€Å"the process of globalization leads to the compression of culture. Things formerly held apart are now brought into contact and juxtaposition. 16th experience Featheriness highlights is now common on a global level because of globalization, with the exposure of new ideas, of religion and god being compared to previously held beliefs. Believers of monotheistic religions, such s Islam, Judaism and Christianity all face new and plural claims to their religion, also claiming to possess knowledge of and access to the ‘one true' god, and ‘one true' way to communicate with themed.Karen Armstrong argues that a turn to religious fundamentalism and for some, religiously motivated violence is an attempt to reaffirm their god, religion and particular belief system, and is an attempt to push the un iversal application of their beliefs. 18 Here similar to the response to a confused world, globalization creates challenges to current religious beliefs, this halogen questions the beliefs of many, pushing many to respond.Some Armstrong argues, are motivated to violent expressions of their desire for religious universality, claiming that much contemporary religiously motivated terrorism is a reaction to the awareness of the plurality of religions, a result of the processes of globalization. Furthermore, religions face additional challenges, from a plurality of claims to being the ‘one true' god, religion's risk a relativistic of all claims. Featheriness points out that, â€Å"the spiral of relativism of culture through increased contact, Juxtaposition and lashing, creates many questions about long-held formations of culture. Rehire Featheriness notes that awareness of numerous claims of monotheistic religions to be the sole universal religion risks devaluing all these claims, god may no longer be universal but more culturally or racially specific. Malaise Earthen describes the uncertainty this creates as a â€Å"crisis of faith† and further illustrates it as â€Å"anxieties generated by the thought that there are ways of living and believing other than those deemed by one's group's version of the deity. 20 Similarly to plural claims of monotheistic religions, the challenge posed by a relativistic of religion argues Armstrong,21 pushes many to believe that the reassertion of religious universality is necessary, prompting many to simply restate and attest to their religions universality and superiority by turning to extreme forms of religious fundamentalism, but also is responsible for current trends of religiously motivated terrorism as a response to the largely modern phenomenon that is globalization.The advent of globalization has further tested religion by preaching the spread of secularism and the normalization of religion intrinsic to it. As a response, many believers have been further hardened towards fundamentalist approaches to religion, whilst others have been inspired to violence in order to reassert the importance of religion in the modern secularism world. Malaise Earthen argues that the secularist ideal that religious beliefs should be substituted for scientific evidence and rationality has left no room for religion in mainstream society. 2 The current trend being that religious notions are thought to be somewhat subjective and that more objective and reliable forms of governing society should be used, pushing elision out of the public sphere, and into only the private sector. Gerrymanders suggests that â€Å"fundamentalists oppose secularism; they believe it is the reason for the social and moral decline of society. â€Å"23 Here contending that fundamentalists view secular governance as the enemy of religion, they reject the notion that reason and rationality can provide them meaningful solutions to their s ocial and personal problems.Walter Liqueur discusses this rejection with reference to the Muslim Brotherhood operating in Egypt. 24 Egypt had seen the failure of secular leaders, who industrialists believed were responsible for decisions that uprooted tradition and gambled their culture. The brotherhood believed that they must restore their communities moral compass and pride, here they resisted and rejected claims of the supposed secular government superiority. 25 Similar attacks by Christian groups against abortion clinics and places it sees as homosexual havens, are designed to purify the ills of society and restore its moral fiber.Here secularist forces of globalization have provoked extreme religious responses, as well as many violent expressions of dissatisfaction. Current religiously Justified violence is not solely directed outwards by perpetrators, many see the concessions that many mainstream believers have made as a requirement to participate in the modern globalizes worl d as requiring adjustment. The demands that the contemporary globalizes world places upon the individual in their daily lives are immense and the sacrifice of numerous religious practices is often inevitable.Gerrymanders outlines the problems associated with living a religious life in the modern globalizes world, pointing especially to the stricter interpretations of the major religions as being particularly prone to forced disobedience. 27 Gerrymanders exemplifies his point by pointing to the daily prayer rituals of the major religions and the inability of these to fit within many westernizes occupations, as well as this the requirement to turn-the-other-cheek approach to some of the more liberal elements of society, at odds with many of the major religions. 8 The notion of sacrifice in the globalizes world is not an unknown quantity, all individuals at one time or another have been forced to sacrifice meeting, be it family, friends, business, politics or leisure, religion is no di fferent and it is this point Gerrymanders makes. However, the sacrifices of many mainstream, Jews, Christians and Muslims are viewed as a betrayal and dangerous by more fundamental groups of believers. Rainstorm points to the assassination of Israeli Prime Minister Hiawatha Rabin in 1995,29 following actions some fundamentalists viewed as a betrayal to the Jewish homeland.Yell Learner, an outspoken extremist Israeli supported the assassin's actions, arguing that political assassination of Jewish leaders should be supported who were felt to be dangerously irresponsible and were De facto enemies of Judaism. 30 Further, Rainstorm suggests that anger concessions of mainstream religious groups is not limited to Judaism, citing examples of bombings of abortion clinics in America and other Western nations by Christian fundamentalists. 31 A further example is the AAA Qaeda group that has as one if its stated aims the re-establishment of an Islamic state based on the strict Habits teachings. 2 Here the unique demands that the modern globalizes world places upon religious individuals as well as the religion as a whole are immense, provoking some fundamental elements to terrorism to rectify what they see as dangerous. The process of globalization and the increased speed of change it has bought to the daily lives of individuals, communities and nation-states, has led to a form of ‘cultural crisis,'33 that has created constant alteration and consequently instability and unpredictability to the lives of many has pushed a revival of faith to provide stability and predictability to the lives of those affected.Anticipating Banyan's notion of ‘liquid modernity Rainstorm argues that, â€Å"the accelerated dissolution of traditional inks of social and cultural cohesion within and between societies with the current globalization process, combined with the historical legacy, and current conditions of political repression, have all led to an increased sense of fragility , instability and unpredictability for the present and the future. 35 Noting that in the current climate means of defining identity are no longer as conspicuous as they once were, creating a situation where one is dislocated and disengaged from society, unsure as to what beliefs and values are indeed the ones to be believed. Rainstorm further contends hat â€Å"they take refuge in religion, which provides centuries old-ideals by which to determine goals; they find physical or psychological sanctuary against repression. 36 Stating that people turn or return to religion, as religion itself provides a readmes package of solutions, including authority structures and institutions to regulate behavior as well as rules and answers to moral questions, providing something solid and consistent where it previously didn't. Lacquerer summarizes, stating that â€Å"if these are the norms of today, the prospects for tomorrow are bleak, and once again he certainties of their religion, their god a nd their text are appealing. 37 Banyan argues that it is the perceived need of these dislocated people to assert these religious codes and creed onto society for their lives, which pushes some to a point where violence appears appropriate or even preferable as a means of achieving it. 38 It is thus the worldwide experience of dislocation and unpredictability inherent to globalization largely unique to contemporary times that has thrust many to religion as a solution; some perceive a need to use terrorist violence to achieve their aims.Similarly globalization has instituted a situation where many are powerless to affect their own destiny, turning to terrorism as a ‘politics of last resort'. 39 Marty and Appleby argue that through foreign ownership, government amalgamations and the liberation's of social, economic and public sectors, globalization has removed much of the ability of individuals to affect their immediate surroundings. 40 Noting here that the power to control socie ty is increasingly converging into the hands of a few elites and away from the masses, as a result of globalization.Further, Lingers argues that these feelings of hopelessness and desperation are considerably more likely to occur and to a more extreme extent in the more marginal groups within society, specifically minorities and the disadvantaged. 41 Significantly then, those within society who have been traditionally denied political, social and economic rights and control over their lives, are further disenfranchised by the processes of globalization.Armstrong contends that this powerlessness, fuels feelings of firstly hopelessness, and eventually an overwhelming frustration to alter ones lot in life. 42 This ‘solicitation process'43 of increasing frustration ultimately pushes individuals to cross a Violence threshold'. 44 At this point argues Glare rational choice is made that traditional peaceful means of protest and dissent are no longer effective, and violence becomes a ‘politics of last resort'. 5 The inability to control one's destiny as a result of globalization, it is argued has pushed those most drastically affected towards terrorism as a means of remonstration. The experience of globalization is incredibly complex and ambivalent, being unique to every nation, community and individual. Globalization through the removal of space and time, the distribution of knowledge and expertise and a growth in technological development, promises countless benefits, however it is these same developments that have catalysts a growth in religious fundamentalism and politically motivated violence.Significantly the compression of space and time has juxtaposed supposed universal religions against one another, provoking conflict; the notion of secularism and scientific discovery as unsurpassed has motivated a reassertion of religiosity, specifically a more extreme form; further the modern world ND the sacrifices from mainstream forces required to operate wit hin it, have aggravated an extreme and sometimes violent response, and finally, the growth of a powerful global elite, controlling the globe from a distant has resulted in feelings of powerlessness and generated frustration in the more marginal's pockets of the world.Globalization has delivered much progress for society, however the fact that the benefits of this progress are generally unevenly distributed and have disrupted many traditional cultures and beliefs, it has often provoked unforeseen consequences.

Compare and Contrast the works Of Ronald Stewart Thomas and William Wordsworth

Ronald Stewart Thomas and William Wordsworth are the two poets mentioned in the title. Even though both wrote on corresponding topics of people and landscape, the two poets approach their writing with a much different mentality. RS Thomas takes a more realistic and down to earth view. His poems are often cut straight to the point, whereas William Wordsworth uses romance and exaggerated beauty. His poems focus on the positive side of life. He is also a very patriotic man and in many of his poems you can witness this. RS Thomas is a practical man. Probably because of the way Thomas lived and the different period in which he wrote. RS Thomas is more representative of the 20th century whereas William Wordsworth is representative of the 18th and 19th centuries. William Wordsworth was born on April 7, 1770, in Cockermouth, Cumberland, and educated at St John's College, Cambridge University. He developed a keen love of nature as a youth, and during school holidays he frequently visited places prominent for their scenic beauty. The love of such things may have led him to become one of the most influential romantic poets'. RS Thomas was a vicar, rector of Manafon. He was separated from the world in a parish near Newton in Wales. Much of his work is set in Wales, his birthplace. It was here were Thomas found most of his peasants' tough, oppressive, narrow men. RS Thomas hardened, and his mode of thought reflected into his poetry. The first poems I am going to compare are â€Å"Westminster Bridge† by William Wordsworth and â€Å"A day in autumn† by RS Thomas. In the first poem â€Å"Westminster Bridge† you can tell from the first line that Wordsworth was a romanticist. â€Å"Earth has not any thing to show more fair:† He is saying that this is the most radiant and beautiful place on the earth. He finds so much passion in the sight that he goes as far to insult a person that could walk past such a noteworthy scene with out admiring it. † Dull would be of soul who could pass by.† In the poem he expresses a feeling of gratitude and exuberance. He makes you feel this with the words he uses for example, â€Å"fair, majesty, beauty, bright, splendour, calm and sweet.† All these point to the romanticist that he is. The main impression the poem conveys is that one of peace, stillness and admiration. â€Å"The river glideth at his own sweet will.† The way he talks of the sun waking up over the city and the river just gives you a sense of time and tranquillity. It just slows the whole poem down and then brings it to a stop. There is a rhyming scheme employed within this poem. It goes: a, b, b, a, a, b, b, a, c, d, c, d. It suits the poems theme as the repeated rhyming with the breaks give a sustained effect. The sudden change into the new c, d, c, d scheme is like the feeling of the first light. â€Å"Never did the sun more beautifully steep.† It does suit the theme of the poem. At the end Wordsworth says†¦ † And all that the mighty heart is lying still!† The heart is what I am referring to. The last part is like a heart beat, as he Rhymes it one after the other. The rhythm is the finally explained at the end (the quote above). William Wordsworth uses many styles of imagery to paint the representation of London in our minds. In the line†¦ â€Å"The city now doth like a garment Wear, the beauty of the morning.† Wordsworth uses the simile to pretend the city is wearing the morning. He is saying that when he sees it, it suits it. It looks good. This is also a form of personification wearing is something a human does. He referred to the sun with his; he is therefore showing respect. He also mentioned the river as a ‘his'; using personification brings it to life and making it more intense. â€Å"In his first splendour† And â€Å"The river glideth at his Own sweet will.† He is so struck by the sight he exclaims â€Å"Dear God! † Then he uses another piece of personification to make the calmness more obvious. The river flowing slowly and the houses are being asleep. He then uses a metaphor on the last line. † And all that the mighty heart Is lying still.† This is a significant piece of imagery brought out with this metaphor. The heart is one of the most important organs in the body. It supplies the rest of the body with blood and keeps us alive. In the same way London, England is the compared to the heart as it ‘pulses' sending the economy and exports in terms of finance to the rest of the world. If this, the main part was to stop then so would the world. That is how patriotic and nationalistic he is. The effects of imagery that he used have all been employed effectively to give the poem its picturesque beauty, which seems to last forever and shows no evidence of ever coming to an end unlike RS Thomas's poem. The next poem is a Day in autumn by RS Thomas. As soon as you read the first line the mood is set. Right there, and right to the point. â€Å"It will not always be like this.† It states a theme of something not lasting forever. The example in the poem is that the magnificence of autumn being replaced by the asperity and harshness of winter. A message that you should not take anything for granted, that you must cherish it while it is there. † Let the mind take its photograph† The emotion that I sense from the poem is anxiety, still enjoying it while its there but then being worried of its end. â€Å"Of the bright scene, something to wear Against the heart in the long cold.† Thomas does not use any of the poetic effects apart from personification where he says â€Å"To the trees' shoulders.† This has been applied well making the tree and its elegance stronger, and making the gold and such points of autumn's beauty alive. These are the landscape poems and you can see the difference of styles used. These differences will be concluded at the end. The next poems are on the subject of people. William Wordsworth called this poem â€Å"The solitary reaper,† He has put across an image of a young girl singing and working in some open fields. This at once does feel like a merry and joyous time. Even though the work is strenuous, she's still singing. â€Å"Reaping and singing by herself:† And † And sings a melancholy strain.† The atmosphere we get from the poem is one of peace and serenity. If in such a big valley the sound can be heard how silent must it be? Very quiet. That is what gives that tranquil affect. † O Listen! For the vale profound Is overflowing with the sound.† The tune is welcome to anyone. The travellers that come, nothing will break her peace even the birds. â€Å"More welcome notes to weary bands Of travellers in some shady haunt,† The song she sings means so much to him that he keeps it in his heart so it lasts forever even though he doesn't hear it again. â€Å"The music in my heart I bore Long after it was heard no more.† The poem has not been structured with the use if the imagery effects but the diction of the poet gives you the clear under standing of the poem. When reading between the lines you see that doing your work happily and carefree creates an easy to work-in atmosphere. The next poem is â€Å"Tramp† by RS Thomas. The title is all ready enough to tell you that this is a morose and sad poem. It creates an atmosphere of tension, whether you help him or don't. The anxiety of his whereabouts. You also can feel sympathy for the tramp. He is ashamed to look into the face of those he begs from. â€Å"He looks at his feet, I look at the sky.† For the person he is begging from the sky ids the limit. He can move along with the new technologies. He can learn more things and become part of the civilising. But the tramp†¦he has nothing. â€Å"Over us the planes build The shining rafters Of that New World.† But then at night you sleep in your bed and you can be afraid of losing what you have. But the tramp he can dream peacefully. He has nothing to lose. â€Å"My dreams are haunted Are his dreams rich?† He uses personification when he says the planes ‘build'. Also there is some alliteration when he says, † On his way-where?† This makes the question stick out in your mind, you just think ‘way-where?' Where is the tramp to go, what can he do with his life? The poet questions you. This makes the poem more deep and intense. In the end you can certainly tell the difference in character and reasoning these men have. Wordsworth, tee more airy and dreamy poet for Thomas however quite the contrast with his level headed and solemn approach.

Family Guy Essay

Family guy is a dysfunctional family that lives in Quahog, Rhode Island. The parents: Peter and Lois. The children: the oldest, Meg, the middle child, Chris and the baby is Stewie. Last but not least, the dog Brian. This TV show exhibits crude, adult humour. There are many different opinions on this show, many parents are ok with letting there children watch it and other refuse to do so because of the kind of humour some parents are on edge. So is family guy a negative influence on children? I believe it does have a negative influence on kids. To start the language they use, secondly the violence and actions towards each other and other and also it is a very sexist show. Firstly, the language used in the episodes of family guy is a very vulgar, crude, dirty and coarse. They swear a lot for example when Brian talks to Megs friend he says, quote â€Å"you know Connie, I think I have a theory about why you’re such a bitch†. If kids watch this on TV by fictional characters they can’t tell that its not the way to talk so they can repeat it at school or even say it to there parents and they do not want their children to talk that way. Also the language they use that discriminates different races, religions and gay people is negative on the children watching this show it gives them the impression that it’s ok, so if in school or at the shopping center they see a person of colour or even if they know a person of different religion they might talk to them and say things that are very inappropriate. For example where the children could get it from, episode two of season eight , the whole episode is about Jewish people, Louis finds out that she and her mother are Jewish and wants to peruse fallowing the Jewish culture but then peter says to her â€Å"Jews are gross Lois. It’s the only religion with the word ew in it. And there are also the comments that discriminate against people of colour and to do so they use Kermit the frog, the black man sitting in a boat (looks like he is escaping from being a slave) asks him â€Å"which way to get into town? † Kermit replies with a shot gun in his hand â€Å"back from where you came from†. This is just a tiny bit of what happens in the show. This show is very negative on children and they way they will interact with other in public. They also make fun of amputees, this can be very harmful to the way children interact with other kids that have this kind of problem example Joe is Peter Griffins neighbour and there is an episode that says no legs no service. Also, this show is a very sexist show, they always make reference to women being in the kitchen and that is all they’re good at for example, in one episode peter tells Louis that making sandwiches and babies are the only thing she is good for. This kind of behaviour shows to young children that women are no good for anything because that is how the men on this show treat the women. There’s also lots of coarse language towards women, for example Quagmire a neighbours always has many women over to his house for pleasurable reasons and you hear him call them names like whores, bitches, sluts and more this foul language towards women is another bad influence. Also peter has a teenage daughter Meg, everyone in the show is mean to her. This girl is treated very badly for example in an episode she had sexual intercourse with a guy and a little after that the guy Brandon, broke up with her, in another episode she has another boyfriend Luke and Louis, her mother stole him away from her. Peter never listens to her and Brian always picks on her. This gives the children watching a sense that’s it is ok to treat women like dogs because in the end they stay with you. Because no matter what kind of pranks or insults Peter does to Louis she never leaves him. Lastly, the amount of violence and the stupid actions that the characters do is a big part of family guy there’s always someone getting hurt or doing something illegal for example doing drugs. They have an episode dedicated to four-twenty; there are many episodes that show peter, Louis and Brian doing weed and other drugs like meth and cocaine. Also one of the episodes shows peter bringing Stewie his baby to a man that injects him with steroids because he was beat on by another baby but it was a girl and peter wanted Stewie to be a strong baby. This give the impression to children that taking drugs is ok because family guy does it. Nothing bad ever happens to these characters only funny events or they come out of it. It doesn’t show them the side effects or any of the real effects it has on them so kids think its only play and when its offered to them by others like friends they will take it and this can all lead to hospitalization and even death. But the children won’t see that on TV. Also there’s an episode that Stewie shoots Louis and pushes her over a boat into the water and dies but there’s a turn around and at the end of this episode Louis is really alive. If a child who doesn’t know any better sees this he will not understand that it is not real and that if you shoot someone they will most likely die. So if this child happens to find a gun in his father’s drawer and starts playing with and they’re playing cops and shoots the other child he will not think anything of it because in family guy the character came to life again, but in real life the child is dead. This will have a negative effect on the child and all he thought was that he was playing. The violence in this show is for an older audience, it will only have a negative effect on younger children. In conclusion, family guy is a show full of violence, drugs, sex, coarse language, racism and more. It should only be viewed by an older audience and not younger because it makes younger children who don’t know what is real and what’s not and what’s wrong and what’s not, react to different situations. So should TV shows like family guy be cancelled completely?

Assessing ELL students Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Assessing ELL students - Research Paper Example All together, adult ELL students in United States universities speak roughly 400 languages, even though approximately 80% are native speakers of Spanish. Individuals of Asian origin — mainly speakers of Cantonese, Mandarin, Korean and Hmong — account for almost 5% of the size of adult ESL learners in United States universities. While most of these learners are found in prime urban centers, many others reside together in smaller towns. English-language learners (ELLs) are concentrated in six states — California, Arizona, Texas, Florida, New York and Illinois. The English-language learners in those six states make up more than 60% of the ELL population. The United States federal regime’s No Child Left Behind rule of 2001 has created the urge to make legitimate and fair assessments for English-language learners an issue of pressing nationwide concern (Hakuta, 2009). Therefore, institutions have produced frameworks that tend to assist educators, practitioners and test developers, in making appropriate choices on assessment of English language learners in educational content fields. ... This is why university guidelines are so vital: they help teachers assess students’ mastery of content while reducing the role of the learner’s English proficiency in its assessment. The three universities that will be considered are the University of North Carolina, University of Denver and Georgetown University. Part 1: Interview University of North Carolina Freshly enrolled international learners, who are supposed to hand in a TOEFL score, are urged to take the English Proficiency Assessment prior to registering for classes (University of North Carolina, 2013). Students willing to be enrolled must go through some information at their admission letters to check whether they should sit for the exam. The exam is administered just prior to the start of the Spring and Fall semesters. The aim of the English Proficiency Assessment is to recognize those learners who would profit from more English instruction in a program (ENGL 601) created to establish standard United States academic writing conventions. Rooted in the results of the exam, a student might be needed to sit for the ENGL 601 program during his or her first fall semester of admission (University of North Carolina, 2013). A student meets North Carolina University’s English Language Proficiency requirements if they completed Grades 11, as well as 12 English, in succession, as part of two full academic years, in any high school via a state- or provincially-accredited United States curriculum. Also, the student is expected to have attained a grade of 80% or more in a Grade 12 state-examined English program, as part of one full term of education. University of Denver The University of Denver recognizes either the TOEFL or IELTS as

Network Routing Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Network Routing - Assignment Example In this algorithm, whenever a status of the link changes, a routing update is exchanged between the routers; this routing update is called a Link-State Advertisement (LSA).   When routers receive this LSA routing update they recalculate the shortest path using link-state protocols to affected destinations.   Link-state routing constantly tries to keep complete networks topology by updating its routing table whenever a status of any link is changed in the network. Every router builds a map of the full network topology. OSPF (Open Shortest Path First) is an example of Link State protocol.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In distance vector protocols, routers are updated about remote networks with the help of neighbouring routers using Bellman Ford algorithm. The distance part defines the total number of hops towards the destination, while in highly developed routing protocols these hops can be weighted by components such as delay and bandwidth available. The vector in distance-vector describes which hop to move as the next step along the direction (path) for this route. This routing information is passed on using neighbouring routers with routing table up to date by using update packets. The requirement here is to design a network for an International Travel Agency that has a HQ in London and its two remote branches in Paris and Rome. An open standard dynamic routing protocol is required for the communication between all the routers. Configuration of routing protocol on all the three sites must be as per the requirement advertisement of routes to all directly connected networks except the loopback interface attached to London HQ. Network design for an International Travel Agency (ITA) is demonstrated in this report. Head Office of the ITA located in London, United Kingdom, and it is connected with branch offices at Paris and Rome. The Headquarters are directly connected with both the branches while both

ENEMA in Relieving Constipation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

ENEMA in Relieving Constipation - Essay Example An enema is the introduction of a solution into the rectum and sigmoid column. And is a common clinical practice by nursing to promote the evacuation of feces in patients complaining of constipation (Funnell, Koutoukidis & Lawrence, 2009). Bowers, 2008, in the evaluation of evidence on the use of phosphate enema as an intervention for constipation, points out that though phosphate enemas are routinely used in clinical practice for relieving constipation, there is no clear evidence to support the continued use of phosphate enemas. This finding stems from the limited evidence available in support of enemas, as a more effective intervention in constipation, over the other medication and treatment strategies available in the management of chronic constipation, though phosphate enemas have useful for some diagnostic bowel investigations. This lack of evidence of efficacy on enemas is further compounded by two factors, reducing the potential use of enemas as an intervention in constipation . The first factor lies in the detrimental complications in the patient that could arise from the use of enemas in the management of constipation. The second factor pertains to the need to avoid the use of phosphate enemas in patients with certain underlying conditions (Bowers, 2008). The findings of Bowers 2008, in the evaluation of phosphate enema is strongly supported by the body of knowledge on constipation and its treatment, which can be extended to the use of enemas in the interventions to alleviate constipation. Based on the history of the patient and the duration of symptoms, it is possible to differentiate constipation into occasional constipation (Johnson, 2006). Using enemas is known to interfere with normal bowel movement and enemas are not recommended in simple constipation. Enemas should not be considered as a means to alleviate constipation when there is obstruction of the bowel and the cause of the obstruction is still to be diagnosed. Additionally, enemas are not an option when the constipation is accompanied by abdominal pain, rectal fissures, and ulcerated hemorrhoids. This is because evidence shows that in all these cases enemas can lead to mechanical damage and perforation of the bowel (Lemone & Burke, 2008). Evidence points to use of enemas only in the case of significant or chronic constipation, particularly, when the constipation arises from fecal impaction. The general rule in the use of enemas is that it be employed in acute situations and that too only on short term basis. Phosphate enemas are efficient is such situations through its ability to draw fluid into the bowel and irritate the mucosa, causing evacuation of the bowel. However, repeated use of enemas is known to cause impaired bowel function and fluid and electrolyte imbalances. This is particularly true in the case of phosphate enemas and tap water enemas (Lemone & Burke, 2008). Meier & Monias, 2005, point out a further restriction in the use of phosphate en

Multimedia and design Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Multimedia and design - Article Example first understanding of Multimedia and design would be the fusion of audio and art translated into a material that is ready to be translated to digital format or medium. However, upon taking up the course where we have tackled three of the most insightful books: Simple and Usable by AColborne Giles, Steve Jobs by AIsaacson Walter, and. Massive change by AMau Bruce I realized that multimedia and design is indeed another world of digital media that would make every user of the web today more powerful than ever before. I learned from the book Simple and Usable that to be able to be successful in multimedia and design does not always mean creating a grand website that is very catchy to people’s eyes. Yes, it is another factor that a website would be visited however, catchy should never compromise with pleasantness. Thus, it is important to know that simplicity is really an objective one could carry out in any multimedia work that would never lead you astray to success. I learned that it does not mean creating an almost empty site perhaps but one that is of utmost functionality and at the same time with consideration to the basic needs of a user such as including a â€Å"help† link. Another book I learned a lot from would be â€Å"Steve Jobs by AIsaacson Walter† that tackled how Steve Jobs was able to revolutionize six industries from personal computers, movies, music, phones, digital publishing and etc. This opened my eyes for the need to innovate and never let your imaginations end as it is. The success in multimedia could be achieved with inventiveness, a couple of multimedia engineering, and most especially a creation that would give a solution to a need or even a want. One of which would be that he made it possible to legally download songs which is of great value especially to the kind of lifestyle we have today and the booming music industry being experienced like never before in history which is made possible by the web today. With AMau Bruce’s Massive

Week 6 post class 6340 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Week 6 post class 6340 - Assignment Example This is so because there are many volunteers in many health care departments but not many really carry out the roles of teaching like a nurse who is a service learner that is really noble of you (Groh, Stallwood and Daniels, 2011). I had really not thought about the role technology plays in higher education and especially having more people take up nursing degrees because higher education learning will be easier than it is currently and more than it was in the past. Thank you for such insight and I totally agree with it and especially if nursing shortage is to have a permanent solution (Zarate and Burciaga, 2010). Your current work position of being a director of education is the best position to advocate for specialty certification for nurses because you have not only the capability but also power to motivate, challenge and teach about the professionalism that accompanies having a certificate and it will also open up future job opportunities and trust from prospective employers (National League for Nursing, 2009). American Association of College Nurses, (2013). Defining Scholarship for the Discipline of Nursing. Retrieved on February 10, 2013 from:

Morality Shapes our Political Discussions and how Politicians Essay

Morality Shapes our Political Discussions and how Politicians Deliberately Use Frames which Lakoff Discusses - Essay Example This paper aims to discuss the various patterns in which politician’s charting of political intercourse are undertaken. Framing is the basis of analysis in this paper which has been done with the aid of advertisements and other media sources to analyze the moral influence on politician’s conduct. This paper shall also evaluate how a common man is likely to get affected by the framing. The area which has been chosen to analyze the political discourse is immigration. Also, solutions to the issues which are acting greatly as an obstacle towards development will be given in the paper. As evident from the study of George Lakoff regarding different framing patterns have been used by politicians, is it progressive or conservative etc (Lakoff 148). Taking into account, the current scenario of the US political schema, it has been noted that Mitt Romney and Barak Obama has been actually involved in framing their agenda and outlook towards immigration and terrorism in their respec tive manner. By noting down the media clip namely Romney: WeShouldn’t Negotiate with Taliban, We Should Kill Taliban, it becomes quiet easier to ensure that the Mitt Romney has been a conservative in terms of framing his opinions against Taliban. It can be said that Mitt Romney acts like a person who is a naturalist father who does not understand the feelings of other members of the family. A democratic state is more likel to come up with better decisions if consensus is undertaken. The aggression quiet evident from his words when he speaks â€Å"People of America has been targeted by Taliban and for which they deserve to be killed and not negotiated with†, completely states that he is against the foreign policy of United States and he wishes to bring more changes in the policy (BreitbartNews). For most of the people who would actually come to watch the video will claim that Romney has a strict outlook towards terrorism but countries like United States cannot show aggr ession with an open call for war. It is for this reason that the framing as done by Mitt Romney regarding his interests towards terrorism is regarded as weak yet conservative. The impact of such a frame will not have a positive and productive effect of the viewers from all around the world. It should be noted that Mitt Romney must understand the group he is actually referring to before framing. The effect of such a frame is more likely to affect the people who needs assistance and can be able to serve Afghanistan for settling their social status-quo (Karoli 121) On the other hand, another attempt has been noted by the exemption speech of Barack Obama who claimed that United States can actually talk to the Taliban for peace. It has been noted by watching the video namely Obama On "Direct Discussions" With Taliban: "They Can Be A Part Of This Future" that the president has settled an onset and proved that United States is ready to come across with Taliban in the same way as earlier (w ith the aid of videotapes) (Realclearpolitics). On his own part, Barak Obama has tried to prove to the world that United States does not aim to call for a war but his framing seems to affect Romney’s outlook. The view and the position of Barack Obama with the aid of framing is more of a way to loosen down the aggression of the people who think that war is the only solution to the issues of terrorism. Barack Obama is seemingly

Sustainable Event Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 2

Sustainable Event Management - Essay Example This event made London one of the most popular cities around the world. However, it is true that London Olympics can be considered as one of the successful sporting events in terms of sustainability and economic benefits. The organizing committee did a marvelous job to maintain the sustainability of the event. Reportedly, this event succeeded to pull out large number of visitors around the globe with the help of location advantage of this sporting event. These reasons motivated to chose this event due to well-developed sustainability policies and location advantage for this event. Triple Bottom Line or TBL can be considered as one of the effective theories that help professionals and other individuals to measure and determine the sustainability of a particular event. It is true that London Olympics can be considered as one of the most sustainable sporting events. This TBL sustainable theory will help to measure environmental or ecological, social and financial or economical sustainability of London Olympics 2012. This theory will consider several factors, such as water recycling, zero solid waste, social development and economical sustainability of London while measuring and determining the sustainability of this event. As Olympic is one of the popular sporting events and London is one of the popular tourist spots across the globe, therefore London Olympics 2012 has been chosen to measure its sustainability. It has been discussed earlier that Triple Bottom Line or TBL is one of the important theories that can help a professional to measure and determine the sustainability of a particular event. TBL is one of the effective theoretical frameworks that consist of three parts, such as financial or economical, environmental or ecological and social. These three parts are also referred as 3Ps, such as planet, profit and people. It is true that several leading organizations have adopted and implemented this par4ticular TBL theoretical framework in order to

Employee Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Employee - Essay Example ons and excellent criminal and disciplinary records are likely to respect the policies of our company than those whose records are questionable (Rees and Smith 43). More often than not, these records symbolize a potential employee’s character and ability to meet workplace expectations. For the five employees, we will also look for evidence of leadership ability and good moral and religious background. For example, employees who have held leadership positions in their previous places of work are more likely to understand the demands of confidentiality and high-level professionalism than those who are yet to demonstrate leadership ability. Good moral and religious background is usually indicative of a person’s character and commitment. For example, individuals with a sound religious foundation are more likely to show loyalty and respect confidentiality. Another factor that we will consider when hiring the five employees is age. Experienced employees are more likely to understand and respect requirements for strategic and information confidentiality. Experience also symbolizes professional acuity and flexibility, since older employees have probably encountered similar expectations at their previous places of work (Perkins and Arvinen-Muondo 28). Apart from the curriculum vitae, which is a prerequisite in any recruitment process, we will also require the five job applicants to have social security cards, birth certificates, identification cards, work permit, and academic documentation to verify the information provided in the resume. These documents are mandatory, and all applicants must have them or present them during the interview process. For applicants who are not US citizens, they must present original passports and legible copies of the appropriate pages indicating current immigration status. Applicants who are selected will be required to review and sign the employment contract and terms of conditions before commencing their tenures. Since the five

Comparative policing systems Essay Example for Free

Comparative policing systems Essay Introduction Policing is not a recent issue in terms which duty of state as protecting both public and state still remains as a concept to focus on, yet, it is current enough to remember and to consider again. In this comparative study, policing systems of United Kingdom, Turkey and France will be controversially discussed in terms of policing related to its legitimacy, its structure, and its function. In the first section, the concepts of legitimacy, structure, and function will be defined. Afterwards, British policing system will be examined in terms of these three conceptions. Following British system, Turkish policing system which has been remarkably adapted to new policing concepts despite the fact that there are more to deal with will be following subject. Then, lastly, French system which has effectively been a model for some countries will be analyzed so as to understand The Continental Model. After analyzing three countries, the similarities and differences between British and The Continental System will be focused on, more particularly within a proposition that British Policing leads the way. Policing: Legitimacy, Structure, and Function Modern police was often seen as an instrument of progress, consistent with the idea of free enterprise, academic freedom, constitutional protection against arbitrary government (Liang, 2002, p: 4). Although there has been a common acceptance of policing recently, as Liang stated, there are different police systems all over the world. In order to be able to analyze and compare police systems, there are three terms by the help of which policing in different societies can be examined; legitimacy, structure, and function. In his early study, Bayley asserts that three characteristics of the police contemporarily exist in todays world and these as dichotomous are public/private, specialized/no specialized, professional/nonprofessional. Being public/private oriented refers to the nature of the police agency and can easily be confused with community authorization, specialization for a police agency, in opposite terms of that unspecialized police force is authorized to use force but do many other things as well, concentres on the application of force, and professionalism refers to explicit preparation to perform the unique police function (Bayley, 1990, p: 11-13). Using this triple explanation, Bayley originally emphasizes on legitimacy, structure and function of policing. Similarly, Mawby attempts to compare different police systems according to legitimacy, structure, and function. Moreover, he defines these terms. Legitimacy implies that the police are granted some degree of monopoly within society by those with the power to so authorize, be they an elite within the society, an occupying power, or the community as a whole.(1990, p: 3). Structure means specialization/non specialization, and function implies that the role of the police is concentrated on the maintenance of law and order prevention and detection of offences. Nevertheless, this is not only about these fixed concepts, but also the balance between law and order, or prevention and detection and being service-related, administrative, or concerned with political control (Mawby, 1990). United Kingdom; Policing System Police systems in England and Wales prior to the 19th century are portrayed private, non-professional, and unspecialized by authors such as Critchley (1978) and Radzinowicz (1956a). After creation of new police, The Metropolitan Police Force (1829), Londons first centralized, uniformed, wholly professional, centrally-controlled police force (Reynolds, 1998) and similar forces were established in other urban and rural areas between 1835 and 1888, so the nineteenth century was a breakpoint. After a dynamic duration in 20th century, now there are currently 43 police forces in England and Wales employing over 233,000 personnel, over 140,000 police officers, nearly 78,000 police staff and over 15,600 Police Community Support Officers. Additionally, there are currently in excess of 14,500 volunteer police officers known as Special Constables in England and Wales (Home Office, 2009). The 51 police forces those were over 100 prior to the Police Act of 1964 in England, Wales, and Scotland each headed by a Chief Constable who is accountable to a Police Authority (Tupman and Tupman, 1999). In Scotland, there are 8 constabularies corresponding to the 8 former regional governments of Scotland. Initially, in terms of function, the polices role is crime control and maintenance public order, more specifically crime prevention through uniformed patrol while, at the same time, fulfilling a welfare and service order public (Mawby, 2008). Secondly, in terms of structure, there is a balance between local and central control and organization. The modern police system in England and Wales is traced back to the early nineteenth century, this idea is reinforced by Bayley in such a way that he states that The modern English police constable is medieval Tythingman1, still acting under royal authority but now serving at public expense in a chosen career (1990, p: 29). The 1962 Royal Commission on the Police identified the protection of local police forces autonomy through the institution of the three partite structure of accountability: individual chief constables, police authorities and central government claims Mawby in his study dedicated to compare policing systems all over the world (2008). From a more general perspective, in UK structure is decentralized compared to continental system, and there are local police forces with the help of these information, but Northern Ireland has a different system based on colonial system (Mawby, 1992). It is possible, in terms of structure, to say that police is decentralized, unarmed, and civilian force (Mawby, 1990). Afterwards, in terms of legitimacy there is a tendency to do what public want. It is possible to see on the green paper that the police are in attempts to improve the connection between public and the police: This Green Paper sets out proposals for a new policing pledge which will be developed in partnership between the police and local people (Green Paper, July 2008). In his recent study, Mawby states that there at least four attempts to allay public concern by providing public access to local police management: Crime and Disorder Reduction Partnerships (CDRPs), the formation of police consultative committees, the establishment of lay visitors schemes, and the introduction of Independent Advisory Groups to monitor police racism following the Stephen Lawrence Inquiry (Mawby, 2008, p: 21). Turkey; Policing System The history of the police in Turkey derives from Ottoman Empire in 19th century like public administration through adapting to French prefecture model (Mercedes and Newburn, 2008, p: 34). Moreover, Turkish civilian administration system is influenced by the French civilian administration system and its domestic security approach (Celador, Gemma Collantes et al 2008). Security function is provided by both public and private sector, and there are three public law enforcement institutions: the police, the jandarma (gendarmerie) and the coast guard command. The jandarma and the coast guard command are responsible to the Minister of Interior as well as the police; yet, the jandarma and the coast guard command are military institutions. In terms of promotions, appointments, personnel administration, disciplinary and judiciary procedures, the jandarma corps is located within the military structure headed by the Office of the Chief of General Staff, who, in turn, responds to the Office of the Prime Minister, instead of to the Ministry of National Defence. Additionally, the national police force and the jandarma are different in terms of their respective jurisdictions and responsibilities vis-à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½-vis the civilian government authorities (Celador, Gemma Collantes et al 2008, p: 8). Jurisdiction of the police geographically differs from the jandarmas jurisdiction; the police provide security in urban areas rather whereas the jandarma are responsible for rural areas. In terms of structure, the police force is centralized, thus, compared to western central administration models, this structure is excessively central (Cerrah, 2005).In terms of function, there is obviously a higher number of the jandarma compared to the police, although urban areas contain more population than rural areas. There are some 193,000 police whereas the jandarma are between 280,000 and 300,000 (Mercedes and Newburn, 2008). According to Mercedes and Newburns study which is one of the last studies about Turkey and policing system, number of the jandarma is highly more than the polices. There are several reasons but, eventually, as a result of disproportional allocation, the priority is not welfare but the continuity of order in terms of administrative and political tasks in addition to crime prevention. Last of all, in terms of legitimacy, police legitimacy derives from law rather than public. After legislation through the EU twinning projects, for example with amendments and modifications on Law on Powers and Tasks of Police (1936), the government has aimed at changing consideration of police as a service rather than power. Nevertheless, in practice, this is not easily possible. Despite all the time that has passed since then, the Turkish police organisation has been unable to establish systemic institutional civilian participation and a satisfactory control mechanism. On both national and regional level, security policies and practices are only run and supervised by appointed civilian administration authorities and police administrators. claims Cerrah (2005) and as he adds the police still have to do more to be more accountable. Unless the police are more accountable and open to be controlled by civilian mechanism, legitimacy of the police will be discussed as well as its function. However, community policing is a new issue in Turkey with a pilot practicing in ten big cities including Istanbul, Ankara, Izmir, and Bursa (Directorate General of Security, 2009). There is a tendency to be more people-oriented. France; Policing System French police system is arguably the first modern system in Europe whereas The London Metropolitan Police is known to be the first modern police (Mawby 1990, p: 34, Bowden, 1978, p: 140). Bowden also adds that 615 is the year first peace and police existed in France, but, ironically, French is the nation who has frequently experienced the discontinuity in a nations political life despite the fact that they developed the most sophisticated police in Europe (1978). The police function in France is rooted to Roman law tradition, and since the French Revolution (1789), historically, there are significant processes but it is not going to be discussed because of lack of space. Today, police system in French can be analyzed through being distinguished as the police nationale and gendarmerie nationale. The gendarmerie are accountable to three different authorities: to Minister of Justice for criminal investigations, to the Ministry of Interior for public order, or administrative matters, and to the Ministry of Defence for all other aspects of their work whereas the police nationale are responsible to the Minister of Justice for criminal investigations, and to the Ministry of Interior for public order, or administrative matters (Hodgson, 2005). According to Hodgsons account, which compares French criminal justice system to British systems and includes an extensive investigation, the police nationale is composed of some 120,000 officers now according to Interpol 126,000 whereas the Gendarmerie comprises some 85,000 officers now according to Interpol 90,000 (2009) (2005). Moreover, there are some 3000 small municipal police forces. In terms of structure French police system is centralized as it is seen from this portray, the police forces are armed and not exactly- militaristic. France is typically an example of continental European system and in terms of function police system in France is putting emphasises on administrative and political tasks rather than welfare (Mawby, 2008, p: 22). As a consequence of being centrally organized, France has more centralized policing system with two main forces the police nationale and the gendarmerie compared to British policing system and less centralized compared to Turkish police system. Compared with UK, the availability of other community initiatives involving polis-public cooperation such as neighbourhood watch or volunteer police auxiliaries are relatively unknown (Mawby, 1990). As a continental European country, in terms of legitimacy the police and the gendarmerie are closely tied to government rather than public or law. United Kingdom (Excluding Northern Ireland) Turkey France Legitimacy Local government Central government Central government Function Welfare Crime prevention, emphasis on administrative tasks Crime prevention, emphasis on administrative tasks Structure Decentralized Centralized (More excessively) Centralized It is possible to infer from whole information that United Kingdom, excluding Northern Ireland, has community-oriented policing system where as France and Turkey have continental and highly centralized and government oriented policing systems. Mawby who has a range of comparative police studies since early 1990s sees continental police systems in the past as being distinguished in terms of their lack of accountability, being directly responsible to the head of state, and he adds in another study that While this less easily reconciled with the liberal democracies of post-war Europe, it is still the case that public accountability is more restricted in countries where the police are more centralized and militaristic (2008, p: 23). Also in Turkey, more recently, with the increased quality of the police training and education, the rising numbers of commissioners and officers receiving masters and doctorates (some on topics including human rights law, technologically more advanced crime-fighting methods, etc.) and the positive impact of EU twinning projects, a younger reformist wing seems to have emerged within the police. This wing is also psychologically supported by civil societal demands for the establishment of more professional, accountable and transparent police structures. (Celador, Gemma Collantes et al, 2008, p: 9) From a historical perspective; between 1804 and 1810 in France, during Napoleons dictatorship Fouchà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ was his strong right arm and was commanding French police. Fouchà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½, Duc dOtranto, had an army consisting of spies and agent provocateurs spreading insidious terror and repression throughout France (Manwaring-White, 1993). As Manwaring-White states, there was a very real fear in Britain that any sort police force like in France would result the same fearful invasion of privacy and liberty. On the other, while Robert peel was introducing his Metropolis Police Improvement Bill, he had figures to show a population increase of 19 per cent in London and Middlesex, but an increase in crime of 55 per cent between the periods of seven years from 1811 to 1818 and from 1821-1828 (Emsley, 1991). The bill passed through the parliament and The Metropolitan Police of London was established contrast to French militaristic system. However, contentiously, despite the horror of the Fouchà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ regime in France, the British government did employ spies and agents to try and uncover hints of treasonable activity or political unrest and despite anathema to French style spies, a detective department was reorganised in Scotland in 1842 (Manwaring-White, 1993). There several attempts contrast to thought because of which the Met was established. Furthermore, during the 70s the developments in police riot brought the English police closer in their riot tactics and equipments, yet, unlike continental neighbours, employers were not specialized riot squads (Emsley, 1991). Finally, the men, responsible for creation the English police during the 19th century, wanted to restrict the political and military nature of the new police, but Emsley states that despite these reasons of creation of English police, the economic, political and social nature of Victorian England was instrumental in helping some people to achieve their aim (1991). By contrast with whom see centralized system as incorporating problems of non-accountability and partisanship, Mawby critically examines this idea. Firstly, one should not assume that locally, community-oriented systems are necessarily panaceas; they may incorporate problems of non-accountability, elite control and partisanship. Secondly, however, although political policing has been more a future of policing systems in countries where the police are militaristic, there is no clear relationship between the presence of one, central police system and these features. Nor is a central system necessarily incompatible with local accountability. Last of all, as illustrated in his study, the presence of absence of a single, centralized police is no more evidence of a police state than is the presence or absence of the jury system (Mawby, 1992, p: 125-126). Today, in terms of function, structure, and legitimacy, community-oriented systems are seen more advantageous, but privacy and liberty of individuals are threatened by the surveillance, bugging and file-keeping methods of modern police (Manwaring-White, 1993). Bibliography Books Bayley, David H. (1990) Patterns of Policing: A Comparative International Analysis, Rutgers University Press. Bowden, T. (1978), Beyond the Limits of Law, Harmondsworth: Penguin Cerrah, Ibrahim, Police, in Cizre, Umit (ed.), Almanac Turkey 2005: Security Sector and Democratic Oversight, Istanbul: TESEV Publications, 2006, pp. 86-99. Critchley, T.A. (1978), The History of Police in England and Wales in Mawby, Rob I. (1990), Comparative Police Issues: The British and American system in international perspective, London: Unwin Hyman. Celador, Gemma Collantes et al (2008), Fostering an EU Strategy for Security Sector Reform in the Mediterranean: Learning from Turkish and Palestinian Police Reform Experiences, EuroMeSCo Paper 66 (January 2008) Emsley, Clive (1991), the English Police, a Political and Social History, Second Edition, Addison Wesley: Longman Hin, Mercedes S and Newburn, Tim (2008) Policing Developing Democracies, Taylor Francis Hodgson, Jacqueline (2005), French Criminal Justice: A Comparative Account of the Investigation and Prosecution of Crime in France, Hart, University of Michigan Lambert, John L. (1986) Police Powers and Accountability, Taylor Francis Manwaring-White, Sarah (1983) the Policing Revolution, Police Technology, Democracy and Liberty in Britain, the Harvester Press Mawby, Rob I. (1990), Comparative Police Issues: The British and American system in international perspective, London: Unwin Hyman. Mawby, RI (1992) Comparative police systems: searching for a continental model, pp: 108-132 in K. Bottomley, T. Fowles and R. Reiner (eds.) (1992) Criminal Justice: Theory and Practice, British Criminology Conference 1991, London: British Society of Criminology. Mawby Rob I. (2008), Models of Policing, in Newburn, Tim (ed.) (2008) Handbook of Policing, 2nd Edition, Cullompton: Willan, pp: 17-46. Radzinowicz, L. (1956a), A history of English Criminal Law and its administration from 1750, Volume 1: The Movement for Reform in Mawby, Rob I. (1990), Comparative Police Issues: The British and American system in international perspective, London: Unwin Hyman. Reynolds, Elaine A. (1998), Before the Bobbies, Stanford University Press. Liang, Hsi-Huey (2002), The Rise of Modern Police and the European State System from Metternich to the Second World War, Cambridge University Press, pp: 11-13. Tupman, Bill and Tupman, Alison (1999), Policing in Europe, Intellect Books. Websites Home office (2009) About Us, available: http://police.homeoffice.gov.uk/about-us/ last accessed 18 March 2009. Directorate General of Security (2009) Community Policing, available: http://www.asayis.pol.tr/tdpyapilanmasunumu_dosyalar/frame.htm. Last accessed 18 March 2009. Interpol (2009) France: Police system, available: http://www.interpol.int/Public/Region/Europe/pjsystems/France.asp. Last accessed 18 March 2009 Additional Source Green Paper (2008), From the Neighbourhood to the National: Policing Our Communities Together, Green Paper, Home Office, July 2008 1 Tythingman was of Saxon times and he was elected by his peers in the local community and exercised wide responsibilities for all aspects of local government on heir behalf He was not , however, a royal officer, as his authority derived from the community he served rather than from the sovereign (Lambert, 1986, p: 21)

Relationship Between Spiritual Well-being and Happiness

Relationship Between Spiritual Well-being and Happiness INTRODUCTION This chapter comprises of the summary of the present study, the conclusions drawn after the analysis of the data and the implications of the study. It also includes the limitations of the study along with the suggestions for future research. SUMMARY The purpose of the study was to compare the happiness of individuals scoring high on spiritual well being and individuals scoring low on spiritual well being. Further, the study also explored whether there were any significant gender differences in happiness as well as spiritual well being. Random sampling method was used to collect the sample. The sample was collected from various post graduate colleges and private companies in the city. First permission was sought from the institutes to conduct the research in their respective campus. Then the questionnaires were administered to the participants. The sample was administered two questionnaires, in order to measure the relevant variables of the study. Spirituality was assessed with the help of the Spiritual Well Being Questionnaire by Ellison Paloutzian (1982). Happiness was measured using the Subjective Happiness Scale by Lyubomirsky Lepper (1999). The sample size was 222. To compare the happiness of individuals scoring high on spiritual well being and individuals scoring low on spiritual well being, the total sample (N-222) was divided into two groups based on the scored obtained on the Spiritual Well Being Scale by Ellison Paloutzian (1982). Those individuals whose scores lay one SD above the mean (above 104.38) formed the high group whereas those individuals whose scores lay one SD below the mean (below74.84) formed the low group. Thus, the sample consisted of 44 in the high and 37 in the low group (N=81). For studying the gender differences in happiness and spiritual well being, the sample comprised of 112 male and 110 females (N=222). The sample belonged to the middle class of society, from the age range of 21 to 30 years of age. It included unmarried individuals of different religious groups (Hindus, Muslims, Christians). It included students as well as working professionals residing in Pune city. The minimum educational qualification of the sample was twelfth grade. SPSS software was used for the purpose of analyzing the obtained data. The independent samples T Test was employed to compare the groups on happiness and spiritual well being. Based on the review of relevant literature, the hypotheses of the present study were formulated as: Individuals who score high on spiritual well being will be significantly happier as compared to individuals who score low on spiritual well being. There will be no significant difference in happiness among males and females. Women will score significantly higher on spiritual well being than males. CONCLUSIONS The findings from the present study can be concluded as follows: It was found that there was a significant difference in happiness between individuals who scored high on spiritual well being as compared to individuals who scored low. The mean score of the high group was significantly higher on the variable of happiness as compared to the mean score of the low group. Therefore it can be concluded that individuals who score high on spiritual well being were happier as compared to individuals who score low on spiritual well being. Gender differences were observed on happiness. It was found that there was a significant difference in happiness between males and females, with females scoring significantly higher on happiness in comparison with males. Hence, it can be concluded that women are happier in comparison with men. No gender differences were observed on the variable of spiritual well being. It was found that there was no significant difference in spiritual well being between males and females. Even though the mean score for women was higher, the difference was not significant. Thus, it can be concluded that there are no significant gender differences on spiritual well being. IMPLICATION OF THE STUDY It was found from the present study that individuals high on spiritual well being were happier in comparison individuals low on spiritual well being and no gender differences were seen in spiritual well being. It was also found that women were happier than men. The study of gender differences is essential in understanding how different genders respond to different situations. Spirituality can be used in counseling and therapeutic settings as a coping mechanism to enhance mental health. Furthermore, the findings of the study have implications in the medical field, where people with life threatening diseases can be taught to cope using spiritual practices and techniques. The findings also can be used to create awareness and psycho-educating people about the benefits of spirituality. Since spiritual well being is related with greater happiness, people can use spiritual techniques to improve their well being. LIMITATIONS One important limitation in the comparison of individuals scoring high on spiritual well being and individuals scoring low, was that gender was not controlled. There were more women (25) in the high group as compared to men (19). On the other hand there were more male in the low group (22) than females (15). Lee, Seacombe Shehan in 1991 found that women were more likely to report themselves as happy compared to men (Diener et al, 1999). Gender may have had an influence on the dependent variable, happiness. Another limitation of the study was that the sample size, for comparing happiness of individuals scoring high and low on spiritual well being, was small. Hence it is difficult to make sweeping generalizations. The religious affiliation of the sample was not controlled. The sample consisted of individuals belonging to different religions such as Hindu’s, Muslims and Christians. However, the three religious groups were not equally represented. Thus, this becomes a limitation as religion may play a role in an individual’s spiritual well being and happiness. Further, other religious groups were not included which also is a limitation. The age range of the sample was 21 to 30 years. Hence, the results may not applicable to other age groups. The sample included individuals belonging to the middle strata of society living in an urban area in Pune city. Thus, individuals from the lower and upper class of society as well as those residing in rural areas were not considered which becomes a limitation as results may not valid for these groups. Since self report inventories were used for obtaining the relevant data, social desirability and faking could not be controlled. This also becomes a limitation of the study. SUGGESTIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH In the present study gender was not controlled while comparing individuals scoring high on spiritual well being and those scoring low on spiritual well being. Some research studies indicate that women are happier than men (Blanchflower and Oswald 2004; Frey and Stutzer 2002; Praag and Ferrer-i-Carbonell 2008 cited in Tiefenbach and Kohlbacher,2013) whereas others suggest that men are the happier sex (Stevenson Wolfers, 2009 cited in Compton Hoffman, 2011). Hence it is recommended to take equal number of males and females in order to get a better understanding of the relationship between spirituality and happiness. Further, it is suggested to consider the religious affiliations of the participants by taking equal number of individuals from each religious group (Cohen, 2002). Also, religious minorities can be included to increase generalizability. Future research can also study different age groups such as middle aged adults and geriatric population. Research has shown that happiness decreases from youth to middle age and then increases from middle age to old age (Blanchflower Oswald, 2008 cited in Carr, 2011). Thus, different age group can be compared on spirituality and happiness. Further research can delve into various other factors such as socioeconomic status, geographical location, marital status, family structure and study its relationship with spirituality and happiness so as to understand if these factors mediate the relationship between the two variables.

Strategic Analysis of Nestle

Strategic Analysis of Nestle Background of the company: Nestlà © with headquarters in Vevey, Switzerland was founded in 1866 by Henri Nestlà ©. In the beginning, Nestlà © Company specializes in selling infant milk; which provide alternative for mothers who could not breast feed their infant or infants who were unable to tolerate their mother milk (Nestle.com). His product became a success, and it created a demand throughout Europe. As Nestlà ©s popularity grew more businesses wanted to merge and become partners with Henri Nestlà ©s business. From 1866 to 1947 the Nestlà © Company had gone through several name changes. In 1905, Anglo-Swiss Condensed Milk Co. and Farine Lactee Henri Nestlà © merged, and the companys name became Nestlà © Anglo-Swiss Condensed Milk Co. Then in 1929, Peter-Cailler-Kohler Chocolates Suisses S.A. merged with the company. The name was then changed to Nestlà © Anglo-Swiss Holding Co. Ltd, on November 27, 1936. In December 1947, Co. acquired all the shares capital of the Alimentana S.A. Company in exchan ge for fifteen Nestlà © shares and fifteen Unilac shares for each of Alimentana S.A. share, so this point the name was at Nestlà © Alimentana S.A. And then finally, the last name change that the company would endure was in 1977, where it adopted the name Nestlà © SA (Mergent Online). Along the way Nestlà ©s company remain successful, which allowed them expand to new region and territories throughout the world, making them the worlds biggest food and beverage company. Nestlà ©s headquarters are located in Vevey, Switzerland, but the Nestlà © Company has factories or operation in almost ever country in the world. In addition, to the increase in the size of the Nestlà © Company; Nestlà © also has increased the variety in the different products they offer. In Nestlà ©s business strategy they encourage product growth through innovation and renovation (Nestle.com). This strategy has allowed Nestlà © to develop many different products in the various fields: baby foods, dairy prod ucts, breakfast cereals, ice creams, chocolates and confectionery, prepared foods, beverages, food services, bottled water, and pet care. Introduction of the Company: Nestlà © is the worlds leading food company. Since it was set up by Henri Nestlà © to provide an infant food product, it has been associated with providing high quality, customer and consumer focused products. In recent years it has focused on becoming a nutrition, health and wellness company. Wellness is about supporting people to live more healthy lives e.g. through the development of probity yoghurts that help maintain the balance of the digestive system. The company is a world leader in research and development, and Nestlà ©s scientists work in all areas to create healthier and more nutritious foods. Brief History: In 1866 Henri Nestlà ©, a pharmacist, developed a food for babies who were unable to breastfeed. His first Success was a premature infant who could not tolerate his mothers milk or any of the usual substitutes. People quickly recognized the value of the new product, after Nestlà ©s new formula saved the childs life, and soon, Farine Lactà ©e Henri Nestlà © was being sold in much of Europe. In 1905 Nestlà © merged with the Anglo-Swiss Condensed Milk Company. By the early 1900s, the Company was operating factories in the United States, Britain, Germany and Spain. World War I created new demand for dairy products in the form of government contracts. By the end of the war, Nestlà ©s Production had more than doubled. After the war Government contracts dried up and consumers switched back to fresh milk. However, Nestlà ©s management responded by streamlining operations and reducing debt. The 1920s saw Nestlà ©s First expansion into new products, with chocolate the Companys second m ost important activity. Nestle felt the effects of World War II immediately. Profits dropped from $20 million in 1938 to $6 million in 1939. Factories were established in developing countries, particularly Latin America. Ironically, the war Helped with the introduction of the Companys newest product, Nescafe, which was a staple drink of the Nestlà ©s production and sales rose in the wartime economy. The end of World War II was the beginning of a dynamic phase for Nestlà ©. Growth accelerated and Companies were acquired. Nestlà ©s growth in the developing world partially offset a slowdown in the Companys traditional markets. Nestlà © made its second venture outside the food industry by acquiring Alcon Laboratories Inc. Nestlà © divested a number of businesses1980 / 1984. In 1984, Nestlà ©s improved bottom line allowed the Company to launch a new round of acquisitions, the most important being American food giant Carnation. The first half of the 1990s proved to be favorable for Nestlà ©: trade barriers crumbled and world markets Developed into more or less integrated trading areas. Since 1996, there have been acquisitions including San Pellegrino in 1997, Spillers Pet foods in 1998, and Ralston Purina in 2002. In July of 2002, there were two major Acquisitions in North America, Nestlà © merged its U.S. ice cream business into Dreyers, and in August, a USD 2.6bn acquisition was announced of Chef America, Inc. In the later year, Nestlà © also focus their diversification in the ice cream market. The beginning of this interest shows in the year 2003 when the company decided to acquire Movenpick Ice Cream. Then, in 2005 and 2006, Nestlà © bought 2 huge ice cream companies, Delta Ice Cream and Dreyers; making them the worlds biggest ice cream maker with a market share of 17.5%. These decisions further enhance Nestlà ©s position as one of the world market leader in this product category. In 2007, Nestlà © Company made a related acquisition and strategic alliance to improve the overall performance of the company. The first one is their acquisition of Gerber Products from Novartis AG. Although Nestle has a strong position and market power in baby food market in emerging countries, such as China and India, they do not have the same strong position in baby food market in the US. Acquiring Gerber product, which has around 80% market share in baby food in US market, allows Nestle to grab the market easier. Today, it is an international conglomerate operating as a food manufacturer with nearly 500 factories around the globe. With a presence in almost every country, Nestlà © employs some 230,000 people of more than 100 nationalities and of many creeds. It claims to be the leading food manufacturer and major purchaser of agricultural raw materials for over 130 years. It produces too many brands too count with some of the most popular appearing in various markets; coffee, bottle water, ice cream, infant nutrition and pet-care. Accusative of SCM in Nestlà © To actively contribute as the first association in an incorporated supply chain approach with the accusative of: Increasing supplier relationships which highlight value and thereby surpass the traditional notion of price; Serving a affirmable, quantifiable, competitive advantage for Nestlà © while concentrating expertise and ensuring both quality supply and full satisfaction to all internal clients; Satisfying the companys supplies for materials, goods and services delivered in full, on time and efficiently; Contributing to the growth and profitability of the company, while seeking continuous improvement in the benefits provided by suppliers through reducing lead time reduction or flexibility in supplies; Nurturing competition between suppliers; Constantly monitoring the performance, dependability and feasibility of suppliers. Scope of SCM in Nestle The Scope of Nestle is to cover all Nestlà ©s spent with third parties logistics excluding trade spend. And to act with the knowledge source on all matters pertaining to the procurement of materials, services and supplies. Two primary supply chain functions that encompass strategic and operational activities are used in Nestlà ©: Logistics Buyers: As Nestle came in Pakistan in 1988 and they are the market leaders in the dairy products. As nestle Pakistan is already in the business of dairy so Nestle bargaining power of supplier would be very moderate and performing its strategic activities such as market research or analysis, supplier profiling and selection, negotiation, Nestle and contract management, in collaboration with other professionals. And buys can remain within their functional area, as long as there is a line of responsibility to the relevant Head of supply chain. This will ensure that they are informed of and contribute to purchasing strategies, training, budgets, etc.Thus, at the raw materials stage, Nestle supports sustainable agricultural and dairy farming practices, including environmental protection. Logistics Buyers are responsible for the following; Expansion of reliable suppliers; Strength of understanding and subsequent implementation of Nestlà ©s strategies and tactics; Price and total cost management of materials, goods and services purchased, including involvement in the determination of physical stock objectives; Establishing and managing contracts and frame agreements; Helping with new product development; Channelizing suppliers technology and Nestlà ©s for the benefit of Nestlà ©; Safeguarding quality standards; Keeping a market view, product knowledge and, wherever possible, benchmarking competition; Ensuring confidentiality of proprietary know-how belonging to both Nestlà © and suppliers. Functional Buyers: They perform functional activities such as sending purchase orders, call-off against catalogue, etc. When it comes to production, all Nestle factories try to maximize eco-efficiency, i.e. increase production while minimizing Nestle consumption, waste and emissions. PLACE Nestle products placed by different channels to hit the target consumers in Pakistan. Nestle coverage has been quit flexible for intended positioning. Assortments regarding Nestle product is very enthusiastic. Nestle plant locations are positioned in such a manner which makes it accessible either to consumer as well as retailers. Nestle have a completely separate department which is in place to make assure that the inventory remains fresh. Nestle transportation are marked by Nestle brand name and finally Nestle logistics and equipment are installed by the professionals of Motorola to keep track of everything. Global/Zone/Region/Local To meet operational objectives, supply chain is organized geographically or by business through a network of buyers (virtual) on a global/zone/region/local basis. Products are manufactured in five facilities scattered around the Pakistan, from Islamabad in the north, to Karachi in the south. Nestle has two state-of-the-art milk processing plants one in Sheikhupura other in Kabirwala both located agricultural heartland of the Punjab with its head quarter in Lahore, Punjab and the remaining three are dedicated to producing Nestlà ©s trusted brands of bottled water. The aggregation of supply chain up to the highest appropriate level, for any material category or supplier(s) with the purpose of: Shaping and executing a Nestle strategy; Leveraging Nestlà ©s purchasing power; Improved management in the supplier base; STRENGTH According to nestle.com, Nestle is the worlds largest food and beverage company in terms of sales. Due to strong brand name Nestlà ©s product has gained a wide consumer acceptance from all over the Pakistan. The biggest strength, Nestle has is the strong brand name the risk in investing would be reasonable very low and the pledge of getting a viable business, one that has been worked many times before. Nestle has set a complete transparent manufacturing system for customer satisfaction in terms of hygiene. Nestle has strengthen Nestlà ©s product by broad distribution network by increasing the capacity for innovation which lead to an improvement in sale growth. Nestle has organized teams which inspect and observe the accumulation (stock) on daily bases to prevent any damages occurring and also in order to maintain the standard these teams also monitors inventory fresh. Nestle maintain a standard of inventory to avoid any surprise like shortage, weather it is winter or summer no matter what circumstances are. Further strengths are; Strengths: Skilled labor. Educated staff. Large number of offerings. Pre purchase virtual display. Arrangement of events. Good background of the company. Easy to approach outlets. Physical evidence WEAKNESS The main weakness of Nestle product is the lack of an established good standing. Nestle competitors have been around for decades and therefore have a loyal base. Spending millions in a strong brand is no guarantee to wealth. It may the safest way to get into the business, but it is not necessarily the cheapest. Further weakness would be. Weaknesses: Small target market. Lack of awareness among the target market. Dependency on others (govt. sponsors) for the arrangement of events. OPPORTUNITIES The biggest opportunity Nestle would have to consider geographically. Pakistan is situated in an area where summer is the available most of the time. Due to strong brand name in the market Nestle product has a great potential of earning profits. Further opportunities would be. Opportunities: Increasing interest of people Few and weak competitors in some products THREATS The biggest threat to Nestlà ©s product is the fierce competition in the local market. Walls by (Unilever) are one of the biggest names in ice cream which not only distribute their products nationwide but also had a total control on the local market. The second thread that Nestle product will face would be Shezan, Gourmet and many others small bakeries which have their influence on the market. Threats: Major player may enter target market Legal and ethical issues. Market segment growth could attract new entrants. Economic slowdown can reduce demand. To leverage Nestlà ©s supply chain as a strength in a business environment where the impact and importance on many spend categories is increasing, requires that planning and strategy determination, receive as much consideration today as at anytime in the past. It is necessary to understand that supply markets are not and will not always be in surplus or excess, so the assurance of long term competitive supply through sound purchasing planning and strategy implementation is essential for Nestlà ©s growth and profitability objectives. Planning The successful execution of a purchasing strategy demands that the analysis has been performed with: Confidence in the accuracy of the information provided; Clarity in the way the information is presented; Completeness of the information to be considered. As Nestlà © seeks the aggregation of volume to the highest appropriate level, supply chain planning takes on a heightened level of importance because the number of customers/stakeholders and specifications make the planning exercise more complex. Planning must also address the Nestles and expertise that will be needed to implement the chosen purchasing strategy. The trend to outsource (see Subcontracting/Outsource) both the initial conversion of raw materials, the manufacture of certain semi-finished or finished products and some services, requires that the original expertise in purchasing these materials and services is now needed to manage suppliers fulfilling a higher added-value process. In addition, consideration must be given to decide the specific value drivers of the subcontracting initiative for which Nestlà © needs to control either the Nestle or pricing (or both). The realizations of the importance of the Supply chain spend categories will result in supply chain allocating more attention to them. The task of planning a supply chain initiative may well require a different skill set and knowledge base to that traditionally expected of a Strategic Buyer. Strategies The evaluation of different supply chain strategies can only take place once a detailed spends analysis has been completed. Strategic considerations need to focus on the long-term management of the supply base and must take into account: Business sector objectives; Total cost of ownership; Supply market and its evolution; Appropriate purchasing approach (e-Auctions, tenders, negotiations); Value creation opportunities; Realization that while cost containment/ reduction is critical as a tactical move to achieve short term objectives, the strategic emphasis focuses on ensuring that suppliers commit themselves to work with Nestlà © (production capacity reservation, RD investment, technology and process-driven improvements and, where appropriate, the sustainability of the suppliers business); Emphasis on price management through competitive bidding; Key stake holders involvement and their support. The next quantum leap in supply chain benefits and savings will be achieved from purchasing ability to work with suppliers to have fewer and standardized specifications. As citizens of Pakistan, we consider it Nestle duty to make sure that Nestle manufacturing processes are clean, hygienic and safe. We are constantly working to reduce emissions at Nestle factories, reducing and treating wastewater, and making Nestle packaging environmentally friendly. Regular audits have confirmed that Nestle factories environmental management meets the Nestlà © international standard. As is the Nestlà © policy around the world, we care for Nestle people. We uphold the principles of the UN Global Compact and encourage women to participate. Specification rationalization will not only allow higher volume price leverage but also, and more importantly, expose efficiencies throughout the supply chain, resulting in lower costs. Subcontracting/Outsourcing A key strategy in Nestle products and services is Subcontracting (also known as co-manufacturing co-packing or contract- manufacturing contract-packing)/ Outsourcing. The responsibility of subcontracting activities relating to manufacturing rests with Technical and Production. Normally a Strategic Buyer (see definition in Organization and Structure,) will lead this process and manage cross functional teams to safeguard the commercial relationship as well as to ensure optimum terms and conditions for Nestlà ©. Subcontractors and Outsourcing contractors are required to adhere to Nestlà ©s Corporate Business Principles and to this document. Cross-Functional Teamwork Different initiatives with colleagues from various functions within the Technical Division are proof that supply chain must continue to work within and expand the use of cross-functional teams. Managements expectations from supply chain, especially in the categories, will only be achieved by a cross-functional effort. Depending on the scope of the project, such teams may also involve suppliers and third-party expertise. Nestlà © believe and encourages the role of suppliers in improvement, creativity, innovation and the identification of new business proposals, which will enhance and add brand value. Nestlà © always considers suppliers as a vital information source and. As the relationship with supplier progresses, it may well evolve into that of a preferred supplier. Supplier Selection Nestlà © selects suppliers based on the following certain criteria: Suppliers ability to offer a competitive value; Reputation in market, financial position and previous record with Nestlà ©; Ownership, management structure and competence; Innovation, service level and transparency; Corporate social responsibility standards; Ability and willingness to work with our preferred tools, processes and solution providers; Sustainable business practices. Supplier Management To improve and manage the supplier base and reduce transactional expenses, Nestlà © may ask for suppliers to: Offer their products or services via e-Requisitioning (catalogues); Accept payment by credit card; Deliver materials through a vendor managed inventory (VMI) or consignment stock initiative; Work together using e-Supply Chain tools; Other similar consideration. Approval/Accreditation The following elements of the suppliers business environment are considered key evaluation requirements before formal approval is agreed: Management structure and competence; Financial circumstances; Ownership ; Morals and ethical business principles/conduct Competitiveness Price/cost transparency. The suppliers technical competence in the following areas is evaluated if a material, product or service is needed. Capability / Capacity; Process controls; Quality assurance programs (safety and legal compliance, good manufacturing practices); Sustainable environmental practices Research and Development (RD) emphasis. Quality Management For the Nestlà © Group, Quality is the Number One Priority. Throughout the world, over ten million people enjoy Nestlà ©s products each and every day. Nestlà ©s objective of offering consumers high quality nutritional products similarly nestle expect suppliers to assure the quality of the material they supply or the service they give. To attained that particular task suppliers must therefore be fully aware of Nestlà ©s quality and safety standards, understand Nestle quality policy; share the objectives and work jointly to achieve them. In particular they consider their suppliers responsibility to ensure the traceability of all materials used in their own production or process. Nestle believe suppliers superior quality is a competitive advantage and a joint effort by all parties in the value chain is needed Supplier Audit Suppliers of raw and packaging materials must be incorporated into a formal assessment scheme, which covers audits and inspections of their quality records. Formal audits of the suppliers quality assurance system and technical capabilities must be carried out, with focus on the First Priority Level aspects of the Nestlà © Quality System. Suppliers need to be open and responsive to Nestlà ©s requirements and provide all necessary information on the composition and manufacture of their products. This includes information on any additives and processing aids used, allergenic substances (Intended addition, indirect addition by carry-over or possibility of cross-contamination), individual components of packaging materials, or in changes to the manufacturing conditions of the product. Communication Communication in corporate environment is fully integrated and communication is must ensuring that it; Is advised on time of the goals/plans concerning manufacturing/product line/policies and regulation, investments, new or revised specifications, etc.; Has enhanced cooperation and decision-making ability as a result of better, real-time information/data; Can quickly inform organization and business colleagues of unanticipated operating constraints, changing supply market conditions and opportunities, and forecasted cost variances, supply issues (supplies, quality), etc. Purchasing Intranet To share information about market prices, supplier information, and organizations, spends information, templates and best practices nestle Web-based communication tool used internally within the Nestlà ©. It is frequently modified and frequently evolves to meet the needs of Nestlà ©. E-Procurement Nestlà © encourages and promotes the utilization of electronic tools to maximize the value chain to lower price, generate efficiencies, make product availability and improve customer service. Nestlà © believe two dimensions to e-Procurement: Transactional tools i.e. e-Requisitioning (catalogues), e -Sourcing, e-Tenders, electronic ordering and invoicing-Cards; E-Collaborative tools i.e. collaborative planning, forecasting and replenishment (CPFR) and VMI using electronic messaging. Supply chain evaluates and promotes the use of e-Procurement tools both within the company and within the supplier base. This is much more a subject of viewpoint (and business excellence) rather than one of technology. Information Systems/Technology Supply chain will be really facilitated by superior IS/IT infrastructure, common business applications and best practices. Visibility of standardized, real-time purchasing data/information will allow aggregated spend category study. This will help identify opportunities and define more effective supply chain strategies with the objective of achieving lower total cost. HR is dedicated to Nestlà ©s employees, and ensures that they have all the right people with the right skills, in the right places at the right time. Understanding that people are the bedrock of all the business strategies, it is Nestlà ©s mandate to enhance their skills with cutting-edge training and provide them with world-standard facilities. Nestle select flexible, innovative people who are ready to confront new challenges and make a difference. Nestlà ©s groundbreaking Management Trainee Program aims to develop talented young men and women and help them achieve their potential in a dynamic and enabling environment. Over a hundred people travel out of the country every year to take advantage of Nestlà ©s international training and development events Following critical areas by which Nestle has achieve its goals in the success of supply chain: Selection The outline of the applicant must correspond to the demands of the post to be filled and corporate values. Additionally selection choice will include strong work ethic, sincerity, technical awareness, entrepreneurial persona, initiative, communication skills, cooperation and result oriented. No favoritism on the basis of origin, ethnic group, religion, race, gender, disability or age will occur during selection. Individuals with high potential will be primary/ priority candidates, in order to upgrade both the position and the function. Skills Skills further than managing transactions and costs are required to meet up the growing complexity and effect of the supply chain management role. Indeed, contributing to results through project work and particular assignments becomes extra frequent, reaching beyond conventional limits to help attain enhanced group performance. For supply chain staff in senior positions, leadership and people management skills such as the ability to motivate and to develop people within a result-oriented rather than a task-oriented organization are mainly important. Training Supply chain management personnel do receive official training as well as coaching by superiors and on-the-job training. Self-studies through e-Learning is promoted whenever likely, as well as participation in specific supply chain programs. Training are to be focused on enhancing specialized and human skills, knowledge and competence for the current position and, where appropriate, for developing and preparing the individual for future challenges. Development Constant communication between the worker and his/her manager is required through constant feedback, objective oriented criticism and formal planning for kaizen continuous improvement. Managers will organize less but place greater emphasis on training and supporting to achieve the required targets. Involvement and Motivation Key elements include in involvement and motivation is the following: Transparent accountabilities and clear definition of jobs; Clear declaration of objectives and performance feedback; Administration recognition to worker; Fair play in reward with other functions; internal career moves within or outside firm must be clearly defined to complement the move towards a flat and flexible structure. In line with Nestlà ©s global commitment, Nestlà © Pakistan is dedicated to playing its role in helping to protect the environment. Nestle comply with the Environmental Act (1997), and try to ensure that at every stage of its operations, the environmental impact is minimal. Nestlà ©s factories are equipped with complete testing and monitoring facilities for waste and air emissions. To eliminate air pollution, they have stopped using heavy fuel oil in factories, which are now run on clean natural gas. This has reduced their emissions into the atmosphere to well below the legal limits In 2006, Nestle has upgraded their wastewater treatment plants in two factories. Thats not all; they are continually reducing on consumption of raw water per ton of production. Irresponsible packaging can have a heavy impact on the environment. To reduce the amount of material used without jeopardizing the safety and quality of Nestlà ©s products, they are always working on new packaging solutions that have minimal weight and volume and can be easily recycled. Natural gas furnaces at Sheikhupura Kabirwala factories are used to safely dispose of material that cannot be recycled dumped. Their factories have environment committees to manage routine environment issues and review performance. Environmental impacts assessment is done in advance for every new project and measures are adopted to minimize adverse impacts on the environment. Raw Materials Nestlà © supports sustainable farming practices that, by meaning, satisfy long-term economic, environmental and social necessities. These points are best to achieved through integrated and advance production methods. The following principles Nestle desires when sourcing raw materials: All raw materials should meet both legal and internal quality standard, including environmental consideration; Whenever possible, preference is given to raw materials that are produced by environmentally sound farming methods (e.g. integrated c