Calcium Hydroxide in Simulated Lateral Canal Filling

Calcium Hydroxide in Simulated Lateral Canal alterAim The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of atomic digit 20 hydroxide cover on the filling of fictitious askance furnishs by different obturation techniques. Materials and Methods lx single shank premolars were instrumented. Simulated squinty canals were drilled on each third of the reservoirs. The teeth were divided into four groups no dressing and obturation by squinty condensation technique (G1), dressing with calcium hydroxide and obturation by squinty condensation technique (G2), no dressing and obturation by hybrid technique (G3) and, dressing with calcium hydroxide and obturation by hybrid technique (G4). The teeth were maintained at 37oC in 100% humidity for seven days, and obturation techniques were performed. Radiographs were taken and squint-eyed canals fill or un fill up were counted. Data were analyzed using ANOVA followed by Tukeys test (=5%). Results The hybrid technique fill up large b it of squint canals compared to lateral condensation technique, no matter the use of intracanal medication (PPPConclusion Regardless the obturation technique, calcium hydroxide dressing reduced the keenness of filling material in simulated lateral canals. Clinical importee The persistence of calcium hydroxide residues reduces the penetration of filling material in simulated lateral canals, possibly representing a potential cause of failure in the future.Keywords Calcium hydroxide, Endodontics, reportle canal obturation, laboratory researchIntroductionThe root canal carcass has a rattling complex anatomy, characterized mainly by the presence of curvatures, findory and lateral canals.1-3 The lateral canals can be observed anywhere along the root continuance of an chief(prenominal) percentage of teeth, although more commonly in the apical third.1 Actually, the presence of lateral canals represents a challenge, as they are diffi craze to reach, clean, disinfect and fill durin g endodontic treatment,4 representing a potential cause of diseases.3,5-8Considering that persisting bacteria may be located in not accessed areas like lateral canals, the intracanal medication and three-dimensional obturation of the root system becomes extremely important.4 The intracanal medication has been used to complete the disinfection and to prevent reinfection by these microorganisms,9-11 and can act chemically by killing microorganisms or physically by preventing bacterial penetration.12 The obturation also could prevent reinfection13 as the sealer isolates microorganisms with come to the fore access to space and nutrients.14Calcium hydroxide has been widely used as an intracanal medication for its antibacterial effect on most of the microorganisms identified in the root canal system.12 The therapeutic properties of this medication are associated with their pH value and with the period that they remain within the root canals.9,15 It has been tiered out that calcium hyd roxide dressing for seven days with subsequent instrumentation and irrigation with sodium hypochlorite, improve the debridement of the root canal system and efficiently eliminate unyielding bacteria.16,17 However, it was found that a considerable amount of calcium hydroxide paste remains attached to the root canal after instrumentation and irrigation with various solutions.18-20 Also, it is cognise that when calcium hydroxide is in totally removed from the root canal, the residue compromises the endodontic sealing.20,21 Thus, it is possible that residual calcium hydroxide could obliterate the openings of the lateral canals, blocking their filling.19,22 Additionally, the case of obturation technique is a crucial factor to be considered in such situations, since the cap might to ensure the filling of lateral canals is an important clinical parameter and may represent a favorable aspect of the filling technique.In this context, the aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the influ ence of calcium hydroxide dressing on the filling of simulated lateral canals by different obturation techniques.Materials and MethodsThe study has been approved by an ethical committee from Pontifcia Universidade Catlica do Paran, under number of indicate 326/2004.Only one researcher has done the experimental procedures.Sample preparationIn this in vitro study, a total of sixty human single root mandibular premolars with medium length between 21 to 23 mm were selected. The teeth were autoclaved and stored in 0.5% thymol solution prior to the experimental assays. The coronal access was gained with a 2 round and a 3080 diamond bur (KG Sorensen, Barueri, SP, Brazil). Then, the coronal and middle thirds of the root canal were shaped using 1, 2, and 3 Gates-Glidden drills (Dentsply Maillefer, Ballaigues, Switzerland). The canal length was visually established by placing a 10 K-file (Dentsply Maillefer, Ballaigues, Switzerland) in each root canal until it was seen emerging through the a pical foramen. The working length was set(p) by subtracting 1 mm from this measurement. The teeth were instrumented at the working length using a 35 K-File (Dentsply Maillefer, Ballaigues, Switzerland).Simulated lateral canalsThree simulated lateral canals were drilled on the mesial and distal surfaces (one in each third coronal, middle and apical) by using a device. This device consisted by a 10 K-File (Dentsply Maillefer, Ballaigues, Switzerland) with 4 mm from its tip sectioned, which was adapted in a low-speed contra-angle handpiece. The root canals were then instrumented using a 45 K-File (Dentsply Maillefer, Ballaigues, Switzerland) to the working length to take a leak a smear layer. After every change of file sizing and at the completion of instrumentation, the canals were irrigated with 5 mL of a 1% sodium hypochlorite solution. Following this, the root canal was irrigated with 5 mL of 17% ethylene diaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) (Merck Brasil, So Paulo, SP, Brazil) followe d by a final flush of distilled water. The root canals were dried with melodic theme points (Tanariman Manufacturer, Amazonas, AM, Brazil).Experimental groupsAfterwards, the sixty teeth were randomly divided into four equal groups of fifteen. The groups were separated according to the use or not of calcium hydroxide dressing, and the quality of obturation technique, as follow no dressing and obturation by lateral condensation technique (G1), dressing with calcium hydroxide and obturation by lateral condensation (G2), no dressing and obturation by Taggers hybrid technique (G3) and, dressing with calcium hydroxide and obturation by Taggers hybrid technique (G4).Dressing procedureIn G2 and G4, the calcium hydroxide paste was prepared by mixing two parts of lab grade calcium hydroxide and 1 mL saline solution solution to obtain a creamy consistency. The paste was inserted using a 25 Lentulo drill (Dentsply Maillefer, Ballaigues, Switzerland), subtracting 2 mm from the working length. The access cavities were temporarily certain(a) with a cotton pellet and temporary seal (Coltosol, Coletene, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil). The samples were maintained at 37oC in 100% humidity for seven days. Afterwards, the temporary seal was removed and the calcium hydroxide was cleaned using a 35 K-File (Dentsply Maillefer, Ballaigues, Switzerland) and irrigation with 1% sodium hypochlorite solution and 17% EDTA (Merck Brasil, So Paulo, SP, Brazil). The root canals were dried with paper points (Tanariman Manufacturer, Amazonas, AM, Brazil).Obturation techniquesFor obturation procedures, the AH Plus sealer (Dentsply Maillefer, Ballaigues, Switzerland) was used in all groups. The sealer was manipulated according with manufacturers instructions. The obturation technique was performed as follow.Lateral condensationFor G1 and G2, it was used the lateral condensation technique. For this, a well-fitting master gutta-percha cone 35 (Dentsply Maillefer, Ballaigues, Switzerland) coated with sealer was taken up 1 mm from the working length. Then, the master cone was left seated and the lateral condensation was performed using a finger spreader B (Dentsply Maillefer, Ballaigues, Switzerland). This spreader was inserted with the sealer toward the canals wall and then counterclock wisely removed to create room for the insertion of the accessory gutta-percha cones (Dentsply Maillefer, Ballaigues, Switzerland). This procedure was repeated until the insertion of new accessory cones was not possible. After the obturation completion, the excess of filling material was removed and the tatty vertical condensation was executed.Taggers hybrid techniqueFor G3 and G4, it was used the Taggers hybrid technique. For this, a master cone was seated as described above. An sign lateral condensation was performed with the finger spreader B (Dentsply Maillefer, Ballaigues, Switzerland), and one accessory gutta-percha cone was inserted. Next, a McSpadden compactor 70 (Dentsply Maillefer, Ba llaigues, Switzerland) was coupled to a low-speed contra-angle handpiece and introduced passively into the root canal. The penetration of the condenser inside root canal was obtained with the aid of a rubber marker 1 mm short of the working length. With the condenser inside the root canal, next to the gutta-percha cones, it was driven by forward and backward movements up to reach working length, staying in that position for close to 1 second. The condenser was removed from root canal with the motor still driven with gentle pressure on one side of the canals wall. Following, the vertical condensation of the plasticized gutta-percha was performed through erupt Paivas condensers in order to obtain a better adaptation of the filling material.Postoperative radiographsImmediately after filling, postoperative radiographs were taken and all of them were identically exposed, developed, and fixed. The radiographs were placed in slide mounts and projected in order to count the lateral canals filled or unfilled in each group. Only completely filled lateral canals were considered. Three calibrated examiners analyzed the images.Statistical analysisData were statistically analyzed by the SAS/LAB package (SAS Software, version 9.0 SAS make up Inc., Cary, USA). Firstly, Kappas test was performed to evaluate the examiners level of agreement.The assumptions of equality of variances and normal distribution of errors were checked and the data were transformed as suggested by the software. The simulated lateral canals were analyzed using three-way ANOVA followed by Tukey HSD test, considering the dressing, obturation technique and root thirds as study factors. The significance level was set at 5%.ResultsThe value of the test of agreement between examiners was 0.89.In Figure 1, it is observed representative radiographs after obturation by different techniques.The Taggers hybrid technique filled large number of simulated lateral canals compared to the lateral condensation techniqu e, regardless the use of intracanal medication (PPAlthough the coronal and apical thirds had a somewhat larger number of filled lateral canals than the middle third, this difference was not statistically significant (P0.05) (Table 1). Significant differences were observed when comparing the number of filled and unfilled canals in the equivalent root third of each group (PP0.05).DiscussionAfter shaping and cleaning the root canal, persisting bacteria may be located in not accessed areas like lateral canals, and this must be considered potentially pathogenic and a cause of future endodontic failure.3,5-8 For this reason, dressing and three-dimensional obturation of the root canal system becomes important steps.4The use of calcium hydroxide dressing is established in the literature,23 however, persistence of this medication in the root canal walls could prevent the sealer penetration into the dentinal tubules,21 compromising the obturation procedure. Also, several techniques have been developed to achieve an adequate three-dimensional obturation of lateral canals.24 For this, we purposed to evaluate the influence of calcium hydroxide dressing on the filling of simulated lateral canals by different obturation techniques.The actual need to fill lateral canals has been a largely discussed in the current literature.2,4,19 However, it is important to point out that both lateral canals and apical ramifications have been implicated with treatment failure when they are sufciently large to harbor signicant numbers of bacteria and to render these bacteria with access to the periradicular tissues.3,25 Therefore, disinfection, dressing and filling of lateral canals in cases of pulp necrosis and apical and/or lateral periodontitis should be considered important goals of the treatment, although difcult to achieve.3Calcium hydroxide is widely used as an intracanal medication,12 and several techniques have been used to remove it from the root canal.18,21,26,27 The enlargement of the canal to the next file size and copious irrigation with sodium hypochlorite and/or EDTA, which are the procedures commonly used in clinical practice, seems to be unable in completely remove calcium hydroxide from root canal.21,26 There is a consensus that the residues of the medicament persists in the canal even with different techniques for removal.28,29The results of our study demonstrated that residual calcium hydroxide blocked the openings of the lateral canals, reducing and/or preventing the penetration of sealer or gutta-percha into the lateral canals, corroborating with a previous study.19 Regardless the obturation technique, we demonstrated that when calcium hydroxide was applied as a dressing medication (G2 + G4), 99 of the 180 simulated lateral canals were obturated. On the other hand, when calcium hydroxide was not used (G1 + G3), 129 of the 180 simulated lateral canals were filled. Also, in our study, simulated lateral canals were created in each third of the cana l root. We showed that no differences were found among the different root thirds in the same group. About the ability of different obturation techniques to fill simulated lateral canals the literature indicates that warm gutta-percha techniques are superior.2According to our results, the Taggers hybrid technique resulted in large number of filled simulated lateral canals, although it was reduced with the dressing with calcium hydroxide. Also, the lateral condensation showed the worst ability in filling simulated lateral canals, particularly when calcium hydroxide dressing was employed. It is possible that the cold condensation of gutta-percha difficult the penetration of the filling material.30 Thermoplasticized techniques improve the expansion of the material against the dentinal walls.31A recent study about the interference of calcium hydroxide previous to the filling revealed that the medication can difficult the hermetic filling of the root canal system because of its property o f obliterates lateral canals.22Overall, the persistence of calcium hydroxide residues should be considered as a side effect when selecting this medication as an interappointment dressing in root canal therapy,19,22 regardless the obturation technique to be employed.ConclusionsRegardless the obturation technique, calcium hydroxide dressing reduced the penetration of filling material in simulated lateral canals.Clinical significanceThe persistence of calcium hydroxide residues reduces the penetration of filling material in simulated lateral canals, possibly representing a potential cause of failure in the future.1